Over 3 Decades Overdue

Our understanding of the devastating condition of Multiple Sclerosis has recently undergone breakthrough advancements, thanks to the efforts of various Scientists across the globe.

Announced in July of 2007 was "the first genetic advance in multiple sclerosis research in three decades". Discovered were two genetic variants that raise risk of developing MS (Multiple Sclerosis) by 30%, which significantly broadens the possibilities in therapy development.

The only other gene ever known to contribute to the disease was founded in the 1970's and optimistically, the scientists that recently unveiled the two variants were able to link the gene founded in the 1970's to the newly found ones. Being able to identify connections to previous research has had major impacts on the way scholars understand the biology of the disease. A senior member of both research groups, Margaret Pericak-Vance, elaborated on the possibilities revealed from these discoveries, and stated that these genes will definately be targets for
therapeutic development.

Despite these significant discoveries, scientists still acknowledge the many other genes and factors that are involved in MS, and have yet to be understood. David Hafler, one of the leaders of one research team said:

“Each gene contributes only a small amount of risk. The
big question is, how do they interact with each other,
and are they in common pathways?
A major effort to understand the full complement of genes
involved in MS will be necessary to completely understand the disease.”

So although the identification of these genes answers only a few amongst
a plethora of other unanswered questions, developmental research of MS therapy can only progress and benefit from this amazing find. It'll be fascinating to see our understanding of MS expand in the coming 3 decades--and beyond!

Najin Jun
(41564019)
____________________________
Read More:
http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/health/article2163890.ece

Major Player In Stroke Brain Cell Damage Discovered

Scientists at the Emory University of Medicine may have identified the protease responsible of brain cell damage in strokes and epileptic seizures. The protease known as asparagine endopeptidase (AEP) triggers enzymes that begin decomposing the DNA of brain cells.

Strokes due to ischemia (lack of blood supply) where there is an insufficient amount of oxygen to a local area lead to a buildup in lactic acid. Similar effects also occur in epileptic seizures and during intense exercise. Some brain cells die automatically as a direct result, while others begin the process of programmed cell death (PCD), where cells actively destroy their own DNA.

The key role of AEP in stroke brain cell damage came as a surprise to researchers, as it was completely unknown of its involvement. The protease AEP is a class of enzymes that has the ability to cut certain proteins and can be found present at its highest levels in the kidney.

It was discovered that AEP is activated under acidic conditions to cut SET, an inhibitor of deoxyribonuclease (enzymes that break up and destroy DNA sequences) and that is involved in PCD. This leads to the permanent damage of brain cells. In addition, researchers found that when the protein PIKE-L present, strongly binds SET, preventing AEP cutting SET and thus interfering with PCD.

Controlled experiments using genetically engineered mice lacking AEP and normal mice under Experiments involving acidic overloads mimicking the process of a stroke activating AEP that lead to the degradation of DNA in brain cells. Genetically engineered mice lacking AEP and normal mice were used, and the results showed less DNA damage and brain cell death in the genetically engineered mice than the normal.

Finding drugs that block AEP may help doctors limit permanent brain damage following strokes or seizures, says senior author Keqiang Ye, PhD, associate Professor of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at Emory. (Medical News Today 2008)

The results can be viewed in the published journal Molecular Cell.

For further reading:

http://www.molecule.org/content/article/abstract?uid=PIIS1097276508001615

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/102057.php

http://www.genengnews.com/news/bnitem.aspx?name=32787211

By Michelle Chee

Student Number: 41718287

One-Minute Mapping

Nanotech News
July 18, 2005
One-Minute Mapping
Restriction mapping is a widely used technique in molecular biology for identifying gene mutations. Now, a research team led by Robert Austin, Ph.D., of Princeton University has created a microfluidic device that can perform restriction mapping in less than a minute on single DNA molecules. The investigators believe that this technique, which is reported in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA, can also be used to study how certain enzymes interact with DNA.
Restriction mapping uses so-called restriction enzymes that recognize and cut DNA at specific sequences, known as “restriction sites,” producing well-defined DNA fragments. Each of the many commercially available restriction enzymes are capable of cutting DNA at a specific sequence, or order, of nucleotide bases (A,T,G and C) within the millions of bases in a piece of DNA. Most often, each restriction enzyme will find several of its particular restriction sites within a piece of DNA and will produce a series of fragments that can be easily separated by their length. When a mutation occurs within a restriction site, the corresponding restriction enzyme no longer recognizes that site and the resulting pattern of fragments changes, producing one longer rather than two shorter fragments for each missing restriction site. Restriction enzymes require magnesium ions to function, which turns out to be a property that the Princeton team took advantage of in constructing their device.
The key to restriction mapping on a microfluidic device is the ability to first stretch a piece of DNA within a nanoscale channel so that restriction enzymes can then find their corresponding restriction sites and cut the DNA molecule. The investigators accomplish this feat by constructing parallel channels 100 to 200 nanometers in diameter on polished quartz wafers and connecting them with a series of smaller channels running perpendicular between the two larger channels. The ends of each of the two larger channels were connected to electrodes, producing a system that can move DNA into and out of one of the two larger channels and magnesium ions into and out of the other of the two larger channels.
Preparing a restriction map starts when both of the two larger channels are loaded with a restriction enzyme. The electrodes are powered so that DNA moves into one channel and magnesium ions stay in the other channel. Restriction enzymes will quickly bind to the DNA molecule so that by the time it is fully stretched within the channel, the enzymes are ready to do their cutting. At this point, the voltage applied to the electrodes is changed so that magnesium ions flow into the DNA-containing channel, which enables the restriction enzymes to slice DNA into its expected fragments. The lengths of these fragments are easily measured using an optical microscope as they exit the device.
This work is detailed in a paper titled, “Restriction mapping in nanofluidic devices.” A reprint of this paper is available at no cost at the journal’s website.View paper.
Post by Colby Hart s4175728